Hydrogeological Conditions and Groundwater Geochemistry of Badra - Zurbatia Area in Wasit Governorate - East of Iraq
 |
International Journal of Recent Engineering Science (IJRES) |  |
| © 2025 by IJRES Journal | ||
| Volume-12 Issue-2 |
||
| Year of Publication : 2025 | ||
| Authors : Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani |
||
| DOI : 10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V12I3P101 |
How to Cite?
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, "Hydrogeological Conditions and Groundwater Geochemistry of Badra - Zurbatia Area in Wasit Governorate - East of Iraq," International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 1-9, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V12I3P101
Abstract
Groundwater is vital for domestic and agricultural purposes, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions worldwide. The area between Badra and Zurbatia, which is located in Wasit Governorate on the eastern side of Iraq, was investigated during the fieldwork in 2024. The area is important in terms of agriculture, poultry, and livestock husbandry. (30) wells were inventoried during the field study and used to demonstrate the hydrogeological conditions and geochemistry of the groundwater aquifer. The results showed that the confined aquifer consists of quaternary deposits and pebbly sandstone layers. The mean thickness, water permeability (transmissivity), and maximum yields of the aquifer were 46 meters, 112 square meters/day, and 655 cubic meters/day of maximum yields, respectively. The distribution map of groundwater salinity demonstrates a regular decrease in concentrations towards the southern part of the area due to groundwater recharge from infiltrated surface water to the unconfined aquifer, according to the hydraulic connection between the confined and the unconfined aquifers. The origin of groundwater is continental, with brackish to saline types. Calcium sulphate is recorded as the dominant type of groundwater. The utilization of groundwater was mainly for animal purposes.
Keywords
Hydrogeological Conditions, Groundwater Geochemistry, Badra- Zurbatia area, East of Iraq.
Reference
[1] Thomas Harter, Basic Concepts of Groundwater Hydrology, ANR Publication 8083, 2015.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Abdelhaleem Khader, A., “A Spatial Estimation of Groundwater Recharge in Southern Ontario, Canada,” An - Najah University Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 173-202, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, “Hydrogeological and Hydrochemical Study of groundwater Aquifer in Wasit Governorate - East of Iraq,” Earth Sciences, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 297-307, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[4] Issar Al-Shamaa, and Batool Ali, “Estimation of Groundwater Recharge in Badra-Jassan Basin using Annual Water Surplus Method,” Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 107-112, 2012.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, and Linaz A. Fadhil, “Hydrogeological Investigation of Groundwater Aquifer - East of Iraq,” International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 206-212, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Ali Sadeq Bahet, and Mutasim Ibrahim Malik, “Detection of Groundwater in Iraq-Wasit Governorate Using Remote Sensing and GIS,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 3rd International Conference in Physical Science and Advanced Materials, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Sawsan M. Ali, and Ali H. Ali, “Hydrochemistry and Geochemical Evolution of Unconfined Aquifer in Kalal Badrah Basin, Wasit, East of Iraq,” Journal of Environment and Earth Science, vol. 3, no. 14, 2013.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] A.M. Rdhewa, I. Karim, and Z.B. Mohammed, “Changes in Groundwater Levels and its Salinity (Badra Basin Iraq),” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1232, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, and Linaz A. Fadhil, “Hydrochemical Evaluation of Unconfined Aquifer in Wasit Governorate - East of Iraq,” International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 213-219, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] General Commission of Groundwater, Geological and Hydrogeological Information of Groundwater Wells in Wasit Governorate, Internal Reports, Ministry of Water Resources, Baghdad, Iraq, 2023.
[11] Tenalem Ayenew, Molla Demlie, and Stefan Wohnlich, “Hydrogeological Framework and Occurrence of Groundwater in the Ethiopian Aquifers,” Journal of African Earth Sciences, vol. 52, no. 3, 97-113. 2008.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Issar Al-Shamaa, and Batool Ali, “Hydrological Relationship Between Surface and Groundwater in Badra - Jassan Basin,” Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 335-340, 2012.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, “Influence of Structural Factors on Groundwater System - West of Iraq,” Basrah journal of Science, vol. 36, no. 1, pp.1-15, 2018.
[Google Scholar]
[14] C.W. Fetter, Applied Hydrogeology, 4th Edition, Waveland Press, 2021.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Hussein Al-Sudani, “Hydrogeological Properties of Groundwater in Karbala’a Governorate – Iraq,” Journal of University of Babylon, Engineering Sciences, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 70-84. 2018.
[Google Scholar]
[16] Mark Robinson, and Roy Ward, Hydrology: Principles and Processes, IWA Publications, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, “Groundwater System of Dibdibba Sandstone Aquifer in South of Iraq,” Applied Water Science, vol. 9, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[18] S. Selvakumar et al., “Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability for Drinking and Irrigational Use in the Southern Tiruchirappalli District,” Applied Water Science, vol. 7, pp. 411-420, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[19] C.A.J. Appelo, and Dieke Postma, Geochemistry, Groundwater and Pollution, 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[20] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, “Hydrochemistry of Groundwater in northeast part of Anbar Governorate – West of Iraq,” Baghdad Science Journal, vol. 16, no. 1, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[21] Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani, “Hydrochemical Evaluation and Utilization of Groundwater in Khanaqin Area, Diyala Governorate - East of Iraq,” Iraqi Journal of Science, vol. 59, no. 4C, pp. 2279-228, 2018.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[22] A. Gene Collins, Geochemistry of Oil Field Water, Development in Petroleum Science –1, Elesvier, 1975.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[23] Claude E. Boyd, Water Quality: An Introduction, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[24] Hussein Al-Sudani et al., Hydrogeological Investigations for sector 9,5th Stage, Badra-Jassan Region, East of Iraq, 2000.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[25] World Health Organization, Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 4th Edition, Incorporating the 1st Addendum, 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241549950
[26] IQS: Drinking-Water Standard, “Central Organization for Quality Control and Standardization,” Council of Ministers, Republic of Iraq, 2001.
[Google Scholar]
[27] R.S. Ayers, and D.W. Westcott, Water Quality for Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Paper, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1994.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]