Assessment of Toxic Metals and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Spring, Borehole and Well Water in Hong Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Assessment of Toxic Metals and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Spring, Borehole and Well Water in Hong Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

  IJRES-book-cover  International Journal of Recent Engineering Science (IJRES)   
  
© 2025 by IJRES Journal
Volume-12 Issue-4
Year of Publication : 2025
Authors : Dangari Livinus Linus, Fwangle Ishaya Istifanus
DOI : 10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V12I4P102

How to Cite?

Dangari Livinus Linus, Fwangle Ishaya Istifanus, "Assessment of Toxic Metals and Physico-Chemical Parameters of Spring, Borehole and Well Water in Hong Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria," International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 9-23, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V12I4P102

Abstract
The research assessed water sources from springs, boreholes and wells in the Hong Local Government Area of Adamawa State to establish their appropriateness for drinking and household purposes. Researchers gathered 19 water samples, including 3 from springs and 8 from both boreholes and wells, using GPS to ensure exact location records. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) enabled testing of these water samples to detect toxic metals and key physicochemical properties. Parameter analysis revealed differences in pH levels, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), fluoride content, and water hardness. The temperature and EC measurements from the borehole and well water sources surpassed the NSDWQ established thresholds and elevated TDS levels. The concentration of Pb in these water sources exceeded the WHO acceptable safety limits. The health risk assessments utilizing Chronic Daily Intake (CDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), and Total Hazard Index (THI) demonstrated potential health risks, especially to children. The Water Quality Index (WQI) results showed that spring water had excellent quality levels, while borehole water was rated between good and moderate and well water needed potential treatment despite being generally good. The outcome emphasizes the essential need for systematic water quality assessments and effective treatment interventions to protect public health, especially in genetically and immunologically sensitive individuals.

Keywords
Hong LGA, Physicochemical parameters, Toxic metals, Water quality index, Waterborne health risk.

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