Radiation Dose and Risk Assessment to Patients During Thoraco-Lumbar and Lumbar Spine X-ray Procedures

Radiation Dose and Risk Assessment to Patients During Thoraco-Lumbar and Lumbar Spine X-ray Procedures

  IJRES-book-cover  International Journal of Recent Engineering Science (IJRES)          
  
© 2023 by IJRES Journal
Volume-10 Issue-4
Year of Publication : 2023
Authors : Buhari Samaila, Mohammad Danyaro Rilwanu, Abdullahi Bello
DOI : 10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V10I4P106

How to Cite?

Buhari Samaila, Mohammad Danyaro Rilwanu, Abdullahi Bello, "Radiation Dose and Risk Assessment to Patients During Thoraco-Lumbar and Lumbar Spine X-ray Procedures," International Journal of Recent Engineering Science, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 31-35, 2023. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/23497157/IJRES-V10I4P106

Abstract
High doses of ionizing radiation [X-ray] received by patients can lead to adverse health outcomes such as cancer induction and other biological complications in patients. The extensive demand for X-ray examinations, an increase in the number of X-ray facilities and few radiation researches conducted in Kebbi State led to the conduct of this research. The X-ray doses received by Sixty nine (69) adult patients with a total of 8 from Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) and 61 patients from Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Birnin Kebbi were analyzed using CAL DOSE_ X 5.0 version software by entering the patients' data (Age, Sex) and exposure parameters such as focus to detector distance (FDD), miliampere second (mAs), and Kilovolt (KV). The statistical distributions of Dosimetric Quantities of two examinations for two individual centres were calculated using the Minitab software and Excel spreadsheet. The average values of Entrance Skin Dose obtained for two centres (SMH and FMC) were 4.83 &7.46, 1.91 & 2.25, respectively, for the lumbar and thoraco-lumbar spine. The effective doses estimated were 0.47 & 0.74, 0.33&0.67 respectively, for the lumbar spine and thoraco-lumbar spine. Similarly, the Risk of Cancer Incidence (RCI) was found to be 1.51 & 2.91, 1.83& 3.00, and the Risk of Cancer Mortality was 0.92& 1.71, 0.99 & 5.19 for lumbar spine and thoraco-lumbar spine respectively in SMH and FMC. The entrance skin dose [ESD] and effective dose [ED] results were remarkably lower than those of international organizations and other countries. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that the selection of proper radiological parameters can significantly reduce the absorbed dose in patients.

Keywords
Radiation risk, Lumbar spine, Thoraco-lumbar spine and X-ray.

Reference
[1] B. Samaila, “An Indirect Radiation Dose Assessment of Adult Patients Undergoing Lumbosacral Joints and Lumbar Spine Radiological X-Ray Procedures,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 29-32, 2022.
[Publisher Link]
[2] B. Samaila et al., “Assessment of Radiation Dose for Adult Patients during Anterior Posterior Pelvic X-ray Examinations,” International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 1061-1065, 2021.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] B. Samaila, and A. Bello, “Determination of Radiation Doses Received during Knee Joint X-ray Procedures in Kebbi State,” Nigeria, SPR, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 411-415, 2021.
[Google Scholar]
[4] A.H. Hamza, and F.S. Lamaran, “Assessment of Entrance Skin Dose in routine X-ray Examinations at Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe Nigeria, Unpublished, 2020.
[5] Esen Nsikan, and R.I. Obed, “Assessment of Patients’ Entrance Skin Dose from Diagnostic X-ray Examinations at Public Hospitals of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria,” Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 93-100, 2015.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] M. Asadinezhad, and M.T. Bahreyni Toosi, “Examinations in Iran: Proposed the first Iranian Diagnostic Reference,” Journal of Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 132, no. 4, pp. 409–414, 2008.
[7] M. Gholami et al., “Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) for Routine X-ray Examinations in Lorestan Province, Iran,” International Journal of Radiation Research, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 85-90, 2015.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] Gaetano Compagnone, Laura Pagan, and Carlo Bergamini, “Local Diagnostic Reference Levels In standard X-ray Examinations,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 113, no. 1, pp. 54–63, 2005.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[9] Daniel J. Bell, Entrance Skin Doses, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/entrance-skin-dose
[10] National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), Radiation Exposure of the UK population, Report R263, 2000.
[11] O.A. Osibote, and A.C.P. de Azevedo, “Estimation of Adult Patient Doses for Common Diagnostic X-ray Examinations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,” Physica Medica, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 2008.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] M.H. Kharita, M.S. Khedr, and K.M. Wannus, “Survey of Patients Doses from Conventional Diagnostic Radiogzraphic Examination in Syria,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 140, no. 2, pp. 163-165, 2010.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[13] Durga Prasada Rao, and Seife Teferi Dellie, “Radiation Exposure of Patients Undergoing Common Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations in Some Major Hospitals in Visakhapatnam, India,” Journal of Medical Diagnostic Methods, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 101-119, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[14] Kofi Ofori et al., “Estimation of Adult Patient Doses for Selected X-ray Diagnostic Examinations,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 459 – 462, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[15] Ernest K. Osei, and Johnson Darko, “A Survey of Organ Equivalent and Effective Doses from Diagnostic Radiology Procedures,” ISRN Radiology, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[16] Rupa Bhattacharyya, Sumit Nandi, and Gopal Chandra Dhara, “Influence of TiO2 in Absorbing Electron Beam Radiation on Silicone Rubber,” SSRG International Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1-5, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[17] D. Hart et al., (UK-2000), Reference Doses and Patien Size in Pediatrics Radiology, NRPB-R318, NRPB, Chilton.
[18] P.B. Johnson et al., “Radiation Dose Estimates in Adult and Pediatric Patients Undergoing Spine Radiography,” AJR American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 212, no. 6, pp. 1267-1273, 2019.
[19] Sangram A. Sathe et al., “A Modified Cage Insertion Device For Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion Surgery,” SSRG International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 6-10, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[20] B. Samaila, and A. Bello, “Estimation of Entrance Skin Dose to Patients undergoing Diagnostic X-rays Examinations in some states of Nigeria: Review,” African Journal of Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering & Science, pp. 20-27, 2021.
[Google Scholar]
[21] R. Smith-Bindman et al., “Radiation Doses in Conventional Radiography of the Lumbar Spine,” JAMA International Medicine, vol. 178, no. 2, pp. 233-235, 2018.
[22] R.L. Smith et al., “Radiation Doses Delivered to Patients during Radiographic Examinations of the Spine,” AJR American Journal of Roentgenology, vol. 208, no. 2, pp. 370-375, 2017.
[23] P.B. Johnson et al., “Patient Doses in Lumbar Spine Radiography: A Multicenter Study,” Journal of Radiological Protection, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 568-581, 2016.
[24] Oladotun Ayotunde Ojo, Peter Adefisoye Oluwafisoye, and Charles Okechukwu Chime, “Optical Density Measurement for Absorbed Dose Estimation to Enhance Quality Assurance and Quality Control in Dental Radiography using Dental Radiographs,” SSRG International Journal of Medical Science, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 8-18, 2019.
[CrossRef] [Publisher Link]
[25] J. Lee et al., “Low-dose Lumbar Spine Radiography using a Photon-counting Detector-based System: An Anthropomorphic Phantom Study,” Scientific Report, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 15225, 2019.
[26] S.D. Davis et al., “Reducing Unnecessary Lumbar Spine Imaging: A Quality Improvement Initiative,” Journal of American College of Radiology, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 662-667, 2017.
[27] J.G. Brown et al., “Estimating Cancer Risks from Pediatric CT: A Novel Approach Using Normalized Organ Doses,” Journal of American College of Radiology, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1416-1424, 2020.
[28] N. Ravi et al., “MRI Evaluation of Different Spectrum of Spinal Tumors,” SSRG International Journal of Medical Science, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 11-23, 2014.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[29] Behrouz Rasuli et al., “Patient Dose Measurement in Common Medical X-ray Examinations and Propose the First Local Dose Reference Levels to Diagnostic Radiology in Iran,” Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 67-71, 2017.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[30] B. Samaila, “Patient Dose Estimation during Radiological X-Ray Procedures of Lower Extremities,” Journal of Applied Health Sciences and Medicine, vol. 2, no. 2, 2022.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]